Adjective Clause

Adjective clauses atau klausa adjektiva adalah dependent clause yang memiliki subjek dan predikat yang tidak berdiri sendiri dalam kalimat. Adjective clauses ini berfungsi seperti halnya adjectives yang menerangkan nouns (kata benda) atau pronouns (kata ganti).

Perhatikan contoh berikut ini:

- the red coat (adjective)

- the coat which I bought yesterday (adjective clause)

Seperti halnya kata “red” pada contoh pertama, dependent clause “which I bought yesterday” pada contoh kedua juga menerangkan kata benda “coat”. Adjective clause ini terletak sesudah nouns atau pronouns yang diterangkan, sedangkan adjective terletak sebelumnya.

Ada dua jenis kata yang digunakan dalam adjective clauses, yaitu relative pronouns dan subordinate conjunctions.

1.  Adjective clauses dengan relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, and that.

- Krakatoa, which is a volcano on an Indonesian island, exploded.

- People who lived 3,520 kilometers away heard the noise.

- The thousands whom the tidal wave killed lived on the island of Java.

- A mole is an animal that lives underground.

- You’d be surprised at the number of children in this school whose parents are divorced.

Relative pronouns pada klausa adjektiva berfungsi menempati posisi atau menerangkan kata benda sebelumnya. Perhatikan kalimat pertama dan kedua di atas, relative pronouns yang digunakan berfungsi sebagai subjek dalam adjective clauses. Sedangkan pada kalimat ketiga, relative pronoun berperan sebagai direct object dari verb.

2. Adjective clauses dengan subordinate conjunctions: when, where, and why.

- People still speak of the day when the explosion occurred.

- The ocean covered the place where the volcano had been.

- Only scientists can explain the reason why this disaster happened.

- I often walk past the house where I was born.

- Do you remember that time when you fell into the swimming pool?

- I don’t remember the reason why I went there.

Tanda Koma (,) dalam Adjective Clauses

Jika sebuah klausa itu memiliki arti atau makna yang penting (essential) dalam kalimat maka tidak diperlukan tanda baca koma (,).

- The man who wrote about the explosion was an eyewitness.

Klausa  who wrote about the explosion diperlukan dan penting untuk menjelaskan the man yang merupakan subjek kalimat. Karena itu, tidak diperlukan tanda koma.

Tetapi bila klausa itu hanya menambah informasi dari subjek kalimat yang sudah jelas disebutkan, maka diperlukan tanda koma (,).

- R.D. Verbeck, who was an eyewitness, wrote about the explosion.

Klausa who was an eyewitness hanya melengkapi informasi dari subjek kalimat yang sudah diketahui namanya.

Menghilangkan Kata Penghubung (Subordinating Word)

Perhatikan bahwa kata penghubung sering dihilangkan dari restrictive adjective clauses.

- The blast you read about occurred in 1883.

- This is the place we saw the accident.

Kata that atau which pada kalimat pertama di atas dihilangkan setelah kata blast. Pada kalimat kedua, where dihilangkan setelah kata place.

Jika kata penghubung (subordinator) adalah subjek klausa (subject of the clause), maka kata penghubung tersebut tidak boleh dihilangkan.

- That is place that looks dangerous. (subject)

- The man who wrote about it saw it. (subject)

- The blast (that) you read about occurred in 1883.

- The blast that occurred in 1883 was very destructive. (subject)

- The ocean covered the place (where) the volcano had been.

- Give us the reason (why) this disaster happened.

Catatan

Klausa adjektiva yang memiliki arti atau makna yang penting dalam kalimat disebut sebagai restrictive (essential) clause, sedangkan bila fungsinya hanya menambah informasi disebut nonrestrictive (nonessential) clause.

Kata penghubung dalam nonrestrictive adjective clauses tidak boleh dihilangkan.

 

Sumber :  http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2012/10/adjective-clauses.html

Report Text

Istilah report text sering juga dikenal dengan sebutan informational report. Report, dalam Concise Oxford Dictionary Edisi 10, diartikan sebagai 1) an account given of a matter after investigation or consideration. 2) a piece of information about an event or situation. Jika disimpulkan, secara bahasa report text adalah teks yang berfungsi untuk memberikan informasi tentang suatu peristiwa atau situasi, setelah diadakannya investigasi dan melalui berbagai pertimbangan.

Definisi report text ini juga hampir mirip dengan apa yang sering disebutkan dalam berbagai buku bahasa Inggris di tingkat menengah, "Report is a text which present information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analyses." [Report adalah sebuah teks yang menghadirkan informasi tentang suatu hal secara apa adanya. Teks ini adalah sebagai hasil dari observasi dan analisa secara sistematis.]

Dengan demikian, sebenarnya teks report dan descriptive mempunyai perbedaan yang cukup jelas, meski nampak keduanya dikatakan sebagai "saudara kembar" sekalipun.

Intinya, dalam report text itu biasanya berisi dengan fakta-fakta yang bisa dibuktikan secara ilmiah, Oke..

Generic Structure Report Text.

Seperti halnya dengan descriptive text, Report text juga hanya memiliki dua struktur umum [generic structure] yaitu :

1. General Clasification; Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan, dan klasifikasinya. 
2. Description: tells what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of parts, qualities, habits or behaviors; Pada bagian ini biasanya memberikan gambaran fenomena-fenomena yang terjadi; baik bagian-bagiannya, sifat-sifatnya, kebiasaannya, ataupun tingkah lakunya. Intinya adalah penjabaran dari klasifikasi yang disajikan dengan ilmiah.

Ada juga beberapa keterangan mengenai generic structure report text, yang meliputi :

1. General information
2. Bundles of Specific Information

General information adalah bagian yang menyebutkan informasi umum dari tema tulisan yang. Sedangkan Bundles of specific information, adalah penjabaran dari informasi umum tersebut.

Saya sendiri lebih cenderung setuju dengan generic structure kedua; karena hal ini bisa membuat siswa lebih paham akan cara menulis report text.

Tujuan Report Text

Setiap tulisan pasti memiliki tujuan mengapa tulisan itu ditulis. Begitu juga dengan report text. Beberapa pakar menyebutkan bahwa tujuan teks report adalah :

Its social purpose is presenting information about something. They generally describe an entire class of things, whether natural or made: mammals, the planets, rocks, plants, countries of region, culture, transportation, and so on. 

Jika disimpulkan, tujuan report text adalah untuk menyampaikan informasi hasil pengamatan dan analisa yang sistematis. Informasi yang dijelaskan dalam report text biasanya bersifat umum, baik itu alamiah ataupun buata seperti binatang mamalia, planet, bebatuan, tumbuh-tumbuhan, negara bagian, budaya, transportasi, dan lain sebagainya.

Pola Tata Bahasa dalam Report Text

Setiap tulisan pasti memiliki ciri bahasa tersendiri; jika recount text dan narrative text cenderung memiliki ciri menggunakan simple past, lalu bagaimana dengan report text? Oke berikut adalah pola grammar yang umum digunakan dalam teks report, yang meliputi :

• Use of general nouns, eg hunting dogs, rather than particular nouns, eg our dog;
• Use of relating verbs to describe features, eg Molecules are tiny particles;
• Some use of action verbs when describing behaviour, eg Emus cannot fly;
• Use of timeless present tense to indicate usualness, eg Tropical cyclones always begin over the sea;
• Use of technical terms, eg Isobars are lines drawn on a weather map;
• Use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organise bundles of information; repeated naming of the topic as the beginning focus of the clause.

Keterangan :

• General nouns, maksudnya adalah, suatu benda (baik itu hidup atau mati) yang bersifat umum. Coba bandingkan : Hunting dogs >< My dog. Hunting dogs bersifat umum; sedangkan my dog bersifat khusus. 
• Relating verbs, dalam grammar disebut juga dengan linking verbs. Seperti to be [is, am, are: present], seem, look, taste dan lain sebagainya. 
• Timeless present tense adalah salah satu penanda waktu dalam simple present seperti "often, usually, always" dan lain-lain. 
• Technical terms, maksudnya adalah istilah-istilah yang meliputi teks report tersebut. Misalnya tentang "music" maka, istilah-istilah musik harus ada.

Contoh Report Text : Thanksgiving Day

Thanksgiving or Thanksgiving Day is a celebration of harvest, thankfulness for peace, and the attempt of Native Americans. It is usually celebrated in late autumn. 

In the past, Thanksgiving was celebrated for their rich harvest in New England. In North America, however, it was originally held to thank God for their survival in the new land which was not easy for them. However, in Canada, it had been celebrated as in New England. Thanksgiving now is celebrated in United States of America and in Canada. Thanksgiving festivals are held every fourth Thursday of November in the U.S and on the second Monday of October in Canada. It is usually celebrated in four to five days in the North America and for three days in Canada.

It is celebrated through families and friends gathering to eat and give good luck. Turkey is the main dish in the thanksgiving dinner. Thanksgiving parades are also usually held. In Thanksgiving homes are decorated with wreaths, fresh and dried flowers. Lamps are lighted to brighten the environment. Tables are decorated with best china and antique silver dishes to mark the occasion.

Contoh Report Text : Venice

Venice Pictures - Reporting Venice

Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region Veneto. Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area. Venice has been known as the “Queen of the Adriatic”, “City of Water”, “City of Bridges”, and “The City of Light”. The city stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy.

Venice is world-famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of 117 islands formed by about 150 canals in a shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is built are connected by about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the function of roads, and every form of transport is on water or on foot.

You can ride gondola there. It is the classical Venetian boat which nowadays is mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Now, most Venetians travel by motorised waterbuses (“vaporetti”) which ply regular routes along the major canals and between the city’s islands. The city also has many private boats. The only gondolas still in common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal at certain points without bridges.

You can see the amusing city’s landmarks such as Piazza San Marco, Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo, Saint Mark’s Cathedral or villas of the Veneto. The villas of the Veneto, rural residences for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most interesting aspects of Venetian countryside.

They are surrounded by elegant gardens, suitable for fashionable parties of high society. The city is also well known for its beautiful and romantic view, especially at night.

Sumber : http://www.englishindo.com/2012/03/report-text-penjelasan-contoh.html

Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense

The functions of Simple Present Tense are to express general truth or fact, and habitual activities/actions. The time references used in Simple Present Tense are:

Every … (week/month/year, etc.), Always, Often, Usually, Sometimes, Seldom, Never, Annually, Occasionally, etc. The pattern of Simple Present Tense is as followed: 

1. Verbal Pattern

(+) He//She/It + V1-s/-es	(+) I/We/You/They + V1
(-) He/She/It + does not/ doesn’t+V1	(-) I/We/You/They+do not/don’t+V1
(?) Does + He/She/It + V1 + ?	(?) Do + I/We/You/They + V1

2. Nominal Pattern

(+) He/She/It + is + Adj/N/Adv

(-) He/She/It + is not/ isn’t + Adj/N/Adv

(?) Is + He/She/It + Adj/N/Adv + ?

                       

(+) We/You/They + are + Adj/N/Adv

(-) We/You/They + are not/ aren’t + Adj/N/Adv

(?) Are + We/You/They + Adj/N/Adv + ?

(+) I + am + Adj/N/Adv

(-) I + am + not + Adj/N/Adv

(?) am + I + Adj/N/Adv + ?

Example:

Logan             : Do you speak English?

Javier              : Yes, I do, how about you? Do you speak English too?

Logan             : No, I don’t. Well, I speak a little.

Javier              : Does Sarah speak English?

Logan             : Yes, she does. And how about Yahiko? Does he speak English too?

Javier              : No, he doesn’t. He speaks a little English.

Logan             : Where are you from?

Javier              : I am from Cuba.

Logan             : Where is Sarah from?

Javier              : She is from Canada.

Logan             : Is Yahiko from China?

Javier              : No, he isn’t. He’s from Japan.

Logan             : What about Won Bin and Lee Min Ho? Are they Japanese too?

Javier              : No, they aren’t. They are Koreans.  

Task 9

Correct the word in the bracket.

Mr. Bennet     : Where (be)…. Jimmy?

Mrs. Bennet   : He’s in bed.

Mr. Bennet     : What (be)…. the matter with him?

Mrs. Bennet   : He (feel)…. ill.

Mr. Bennet     : We must call the doctor.

Mrs. Bennet   : Yes, we must.

Mr. Bennet     : (….)…. you remember the doctor’s phone number?

Mrs. Bennet   : Yes. It (be) 09-8976

Doctor Khan  : Open your mouth Jimmy, say ‘Ah’.

Mrs. Bennet   : How (be)…. Jimmy, Doctor?

Doctor            Khan  : He (have)…. a bad cold. He must stay in bed for a week.

Mrs. Bennet   : That (be)…. a good news for Jimmy.

Doctor            Khan  : Good news? Why?

Mrs. Bennet   : Because he (not/like)…. school.

Task 10

Fill the blank with suitable form.

A cactus (plural: cacti, cactuses, or cactus) (is/are)…. a member of the plant family Cactaceae, within the order Caryophyllales. Cacti (is/are)…. native to the Americas, ranging from Patagonia in the south to parts of western Canada in the north. There is only one exception, Rhipsalis baccifera, which is also found in Africa and Sri Lanka.

Most cacti (live/lives)…. in habitats which are subject to at least some degree of drought. Many live in extremely dry environments, even being found in the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on earth. Cacti (show/shows)…. many adaptations to conserve water. Most species of cacti have lost true leaves, retaining only spines, which are highly modified leaves. As well as defending against herbivores, spines (reduce/reduces)…. air flow close to the cactus and provide some shade, both of which help to prevent water loss.

In the absence of leaves, enlarged stems (carry/carries)…. out photosynthesis. Unlike many other succulents, the stem (is/are)…. the only part of most cacti where this vital process (take/takes)…. place. Cactus stems also (store/stores)…. water, often being ribbed or fluted which allows them to expand and contract easily. Cacti come in a wide range of shapes and sizes. The tallest free-standing cactus is Pachycereus pringlei, with a maximum recorded height of 19.2 m (63 ft), and the smallest is Blossfeldia liliputiana, only about 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter at maturity. Many cacti (have/has)…. a short growing season and a long dormancy and are able to react quickly to any rainfall, helped by an extensive but relatively shallow root system. A fully grown saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) is said to be able to absorb as much as 200 US gallons (760 l; 170 imp gal) of water during a rainstorm.

 

Sumber :  http://aakkuucintaindonesia.blogspot.com/2012/12/materi-kelas-xi-pelajaran-bahasa.html